The Influence of Legal-Managerial Components and Participation of Stakeholders in the Ecotourism Industry on Attracting Business-Angels (Case Study: Kermanshah Province)

Document Type : مقالات علمی پژوهشی

Authors
1 University of Sistan and Baluchestan
2 Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University
3 Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of legal management components and participation of stakeholders in the ecotourism industry on attracting business angels in Kermanshah province. This research is based on mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method. The variables of this study are based on the relative consensus of experts and have been extracted using the Delphi technique. In the first part, the sample consists of 25 experts in the field of tourism and academia, and the second part includes the distribution of questionnaires among 100 people working in this field which was selected considering three indices: Entrepreneurs, Executives and Graduates of tourism industry in Iran. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to test the model and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to answer the research questions using SmartPLS version 3 software. According to the results, AVE coefficient for all model constructs with greater than 0.5 and valid convergent validity indicates the impact of managerial-legal components and participation of ecotourism stakeholders on attracting business angels. The path coefficients for each are 0.38 and 0.65, respectively, so management-legal components and stakeholder engagement are effective in attracting capital, expertise and energy from business angels.

Keywords

Subjects


Agyeman, Y. B., Yeboah, A. O., & Ashie, E. (2019). Protected areas and poverty reduction: The role of ecotourism livelihood in local communities in Ghana. Community Development, 50(1), 73-91
Ajake, A. O., & Amalu, T. E. (2012a). The relevance of tourism on the economic development of Cross River state, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(1), 14.‏-20.
Ajake, A. O., Enang, I. A., Amalu, T. E., & Ojugbo, P. (2016). Assessment of cultural and museum landscapes for tourism development: The Calabar museum scenario, Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Tourism and Management Research, 1(1), 119–134.
Ajake, A. O.,&Amalu, T. E. (2012b). Participation of Becheeve people in tourism development in Obudu Mountain resort, Cross River state, Nigeria. British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 25–39.
Amalu, T. E., Ajake, A. O., & Obi, P. O. (2015). Impact of royalties from forest resources on community development in Boki Local Government in Cross River state, Nigeria. Geojournal, 80(1), 122–135.
Amalu, T. E., Duluora, E. I., Otop, O. O., Emeana, K. S., & Omeje, V. U. (2017). Assessment of tourists’ patronage of Obudu Mountain Resort, Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 8(4), 32-41.
Babbie E. R. (2011). The Practice of Social Research, Translated By: Kamran Feizi and Seyed Hossein Razavi, Industrial Management Organization Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
Badri, S. A., Rahmani, K., Sajasi Gheidari, M., & Hasan Pour, O. (2011). Strategies of Ecotourism Development in Marivan Township, Journal of Rural Research, 2(6), 31-54. (In Persian)
Beeton, S. (2006). Community development through tourism. Australia: Landlink Press.
Block, J., Fisch, C., Vismara, S., & Andres, R. (2019). Private equity investment criteria: An experimental conjoint analysis of venture capital, business angels, and family offices. Journal of Corporate Finance.
Brandt, J. S., Radeloff, V., Allendorf, T., Butsic, V., & Roopsind, A. (2019). Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses. Conservation Biology.
Chuluunbaatar, E., Kung, S. F., & Luh, D. B. (2011). SME loan decision making process: The declining role of human capital. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 16(2), 29-52.
Dibrova , A. (2015). Business angel investments: risks and opportunities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 280-289.‏
Digun-Aweto, O., Fawole, O. P., & Ayodele, I. A. (2015). Attitude of local Dwellers towards ecotourism in the Okomu National Park, edo state Nigeria. Czech Journal of tourism, 4(2), 103-115.‏
Digun-Aweto, O., Fawole, O. P., & Saayman, M. (2018). The effect of distance on community participation in ecotourism and conservation at Okomu National Park Nigeria. GeoJournal, 1-15.
Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T. S., & Brush, C. G. (2017). Angel investing: A literature review. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 13(4-5), 265-439.
Eftekhari, A. R., Sojasi Geidari, H., Purtaheri, M. & Azar, A. (2013). Application of Integration Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method and GIS in Identification of Rural Regions with Ecotourism Potential Case Study: River Valley Tourism in Tehran Providence, Journal of Rural Research, 4(3), 641-660 (In Persian).
Engineer, M. H., Schure, P., & Vo, D. H. (2019). Hide and seek search: Why angels hide and entrepreneurs seek. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 157, 523-540.‏
Feizi, K., & Irandoost, M., (2013). Delphi: A Method for Research, Decision Making and Futurology, Industrial Management Organization Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
Ghosh, A. (2017). Sustainability conflicts in coastal India: Hazards, climate change and development discourse in Indian Sundarbans. Advances in Asian Human–Environment Research Series, Spinger-Nature. ISBN 978-3319638911.
Hair, J. F., Hult, T., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (1944). Partial least squares structural equation modelling.
Hall, C. M. (2014). Tourism and social marketing. Routledge
Hsu, P. H. (2019). Economic impact of wetland ecotourism: An empirical study of Taiwan's Cigu Lagoon area. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 31-40.
Kenawy, E., Shaw, D., & Osman, T. (2019). Exploring the Challenges for Effective Spatial Planning in New Urban Development: The Case of Ecotourism in Egypt. In New Cities and Community Extensions in Egypt and the Middle East (pp. 113-138). Springer, Cham.
Kiss, A. (2004). Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds?. Trends in ecology & evolution, 19(5), 232-237.‏
Lee, J. H. (2019). Analyzing local opposition to biosphere reserve creation through semantic network analysis: The case of Baekdu mountain range, Korea. Land use policy, 82, 61-69.
May, J. (2002). Structured angel groups in the USA: the Dinner Club experience. Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 4(4), 337-342.
Mendoza-Ramos, A., & Prideaux, B. (2018). Assessing ecotourism in an Indigenous community: Using, testing and proving the wheel of empowerment framework as a measurement tool. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 277-291
Mohamadi, Mostafa (2018), Investigating the stakeholder's attitude towards the sustainability of nature tourism development (Case study: Javaherdeh rural complex in Ramsar city), Tourism planning and development, 2:25, 72-96.
Naithani, S., & Saha, A. K. (2019). Changing landscape and ecotourism development in a large dam site: a case study of Tehri dam, India. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 193-205.
Prowse, S. (1998). Angel investors and the market for angel investments. Journal of Banking & Finance, 22(6-8), 785-792.
Sabarinathan, G. (2019). Angel Investments in India–Trends, Prospects and Issues in the Current Economic Backdrop A Background Note. IIMB Management Review.(In Press)
Saltz, D., Berger‐Tal, O., Motro, U., Shkedy, Y., & Raanan, N. (2019). Conservation implications of habituation in Nubian ibex in response to ecotourism. Animal Conservation, 22(3), 220-227.
Shafiee sabet, Nasr & Haratifard, Saeedeh (2018), Empowering local stakeholders to participate in sustainable tourism development by mediating the perceived effects of tourism (2019), Tourism planning and development, 8:29, 71-90.
Shane, S. (2008). Fool's Gold?: The truth behind angel investing in America. Oxford University Press.
Sinclair-Maragh, G. M. (2019). Ecotourism in Protected Areas: A Sustainable Development Framework. In Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Developing Nations (pp. 22-41). IGI Global.
Tseng, M. L., Lin, C., Lin, C. W. R., Wu, K. J., & Sriphon, T. (2019). Ecotourism development in Thailand: community participation leads to the value of attractions using linguistic preferences. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231: 1319-1329.
Vannelli, K., Hampton, M. P., Namgail, T., & Black, S. A. (2019). Community participation in ecotourism and its effect on local perceptions of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation. Human dimensions of wildlife, 24(2), 180-193.
Yamamura, T. (2004). Authenticity, ethnicity and social transformation at World Heritage Sites: tourism, retailing and cultural change in Lijiang, China. Tourism and transition: Governance, transformation and development, 185-200.
Yang, Y. (2010). Analysis of public transport for urban tourism in China. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Zappino, V. (2005). Caribbean tourism and development: An overview. Cosenza: Tourism Development Specialist. (Discussion paper no. 65.