https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/ The Journal of Research in Humanities en daily 1 Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29000.html https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_28994.html Islamic jurisprudence, as a normative science, in addition to explaining individual duties, plays an effective role in regulating the social behaviors of those who are obligated. One of the fundamental functions of jurisprudence is to normalize the behavior of those obligated by forging rulings, determining behavioral limits, and establishing patterns of joint action. This process removes behaviors from a state of dispersion and taste-based behavior and organizes them in the form of stable social norms. On the other hand, security, as a general and multidimensional concept, depends on the existence of order, stability, and predictability in the behavior of social actors. The present article, with an analytical-descriptive approach, first explains the mechanisms of jurisprudence in normalizing the behavior of those obligated, and then shows how this normalization helps to promote security in its absolute sense by reducing conflict, strengthening trust, and creating behavioral order. The results of the research indicate that jurisprudence can be considered as a normative system that, by regulating the behavior of those responsible, plays a fundamental role in ensuring and strengthening social security. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_28995.html الملخصیُعد دیوان البرید أحد المؤسسات الرئیسیه فی الحکومات الأمویه والعباسیه، حیث کان له دور حیوی فی الحفاظ علی الاستقرار السیاسی والأمن الداخلی والتواصل الإقلیمی. استناداً إلی نظریه البیروقراطیه لماکس ویبر، تتناول هذه الدراسه تحلیل هیکل ووظائف وتطورات هذه المؤسسه فی الفترتین التاریخیتین المذکورتین. وفقاً للنتائج، کان دیوان البرید - بخصائصه البیروقراطیه وفقاً لنموذج ویبر مثل التسلسل الهرمی الإداری، تقسیم المهام التخصصیه، التوظیف بناءً علی الجداره النسبیه، والعقلانیه فی نقل المعلومات - یُعد نموذجاً أولیاً للنظام الإداری ما قبل الحداثه. کان التسلسل الهرمی لهذه المؤسسه یشمل رئیس الدیوان (صاحب البرید)، السعاه، المراسلین (العیون) والمکلفین بفتح الرسائل، حیث کان لکل منهم مهام محدده فی مجالات البرید، التجسس، والمراقبه.علی الرغم من أن اختیار بعض مسؤولی البرید من عائلات معینه أو من المهنیین المدربین کان یبتعد قلیلاً عن فکره "الجداره المطلقه" لویبر، إلا أن الترکیز علی التدریب التخصصی والمتطلبات الأخلاقیه (مثل الصدق والولاء) یعکس السعی نحو إنشاء هیکل فعال. کما أن استخدام تقنیات الاتصال مثل البرید البری والبحری، الحمام الزاجل وأنظمه التشفیر کان یعکس العقلانیه الأداتیه فی تسریع وأمان نقل المعلومات. لم یقتصر دور هذه المؤسسه علی مراقبه العاملین وکبح التمردات، بل کان ضعف أو انقطاع الاتصالات فیها یُعد عاملاً مؤثراً فی سقوط الحکومات. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_28996.html یتØ‌لّی التعامل بین الحضاره الإسلامیه والثقافه الإیرانیه فی Ù…Ø‌الات مختلفه حیث یستوعب العلوم المتنوعه کالفلسفه والتاریخ والØ‌غرافیا والموسیقی والأدب والشعر. لکنّه یتّضح هذا التØ‌لّی فی Ù…Ø‌ال اللغه بشکل خاصّ ولطیف. هناک أشعار عربیه وفارسیه یتمتّع فیها تعامل العناصر الثقافیه العربیه الإسلامیه Ùˆ الإیرانیه برؤیه إنسانیه عالمیه Ùˆ Ù†Ø‌د المضامین المشترکه فی Ù…Ø‌ال التصوف والعرفان والنزعات الإنسانیه الشامله أیضا. هذا التعامل قد أدّی إلی تداخل متکامل فی Ù…Ø‌ال الشعر کأهمّ عنصر ثقافیّ بینهما وبإمکاننا ان Ù†Ø‌د التّماهی. التماهی ودراسته یحتاØ‌ إلی تنظیر خاصّ بحیث یرکّز علی معالØ‌Ù‡ المعنی فی الشعر. قصدنا من کتابه هذه الدراسه هو أن نبیّن ونشرح کیفیه التعامل بین الحضاره الإسلامیه والثقافه الإیرانیه من خلال موضوع المعنی فی الشعر القدیم وخاصه شعر الشعراء الذین یشتهرون بالمعنی والحکمه والعرفان فی الفتره العباسیه بالإستمداد من رؤیه البلاغه الØ‌دیده. إذن تتمیّز هذه الدراسه بمحورین رئیسین: الأول یتعلّق بمستوی التنظیر یعنی البلاغه الØ‌دیده ودورها والثانی یتعلّق بمستوی التطبیق Ùˆ الإستمداد من البلاغه الØ‌دیده فی تحلیل المعنی فی الأشعار الحکمیه والعرفانیه لتحقیق الهدف الرئیس من الدراسه وما هو إلا الکشف عن دور اللغه Ùˆ الشعر فی دراسه التعامل والتماهی بین الحضاره الإسلامیه Ùˆ الثقافه الإیرانیه. نظراً إلی أهمیه إتّخاذ رؤیه البلاغه الØ‌دیده والتحلیل الذی یستفاد منها علی الأشعار، ستکون المنهØ‌یه تحلیلیه نقدیه. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_28997.html The issue of heritage is a sensitive tendon at the level of the intellectual and aesthetic position of the writers of each generation; With its utmost importance as a source of social, psychological and literary values and a source of inspiration in poetry. The Arab heritage has filled a wide area of human history and enables the modern poet to find spacious distances and valuable materials that he can deal with and sings as categories carrying the memory of peoples and it is suitable for survival and circulation in the modern poetic context, but he was not satisfied with that and began to seek renewal in his language after realizing his necessity to update in the structure of the inner and external poem, Poets' concerns and contain their intellectual and cultural visions; In this way, formulating grammatical formulation, with the possibility of the emergence of an easy linguistic performance away from the metaphor and the complex images that require the recipient to stand for a long time. repetition, renewal, and proportion The use of ancient heritage symbols with meaningful and revived what has disappeared by raising this past historical atmosphere. With regard to the spoken speech, the poet dealt with him in the Egyptian dialect and in a simple, unforgivable language to transmit what he is in the chest from the love of the homeland and the importance of the unity of citizens and finally human love. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_28998.html From the point of view of comparative literature, the category of literary acceptance is formed when the works of a writer go beyond the national and linguistic boundaries of the source culture and face the reception of the destination culture. In this case, the possibility of globalizing the literary work is provided. In the process of acceptance or literary acceptance, all translations of a work are examined at different stages. The present essay aims to analyze the acceptance of Mahmoud Darwish as a global poet through paratextual factors and also to the cultural influences and historicism effective in the process of this Iqbal among the culture of origin. and reach the destination. The results of the research show that the 1940s and 1950s is the beginning of the translation of Mahmoud Darwish's works in Iran, so that in the years leading to the Islamic Revolution, the number of translations increased due to the tendency of Iranians towards changing political conditions. the translation of Darvish's works began to decline. In the 1980s, due to the literary taste of Iranians, the translation reached a relative stability again, and poems by Mahmoud Darwish were translated, which unlike the previous decades, along with the protest literature, a romantic motif was formed. In the 1990s, Darvish's works were met with great favor by Iranians; As this decade is the golden era of translation of Darvish's works in Iran, and in recent years, the translation of works has maintained its upward trend. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_28999.html Personal intelligence, or self-awareness, encompasses an individual's self-care, self-awareness of their strengths and weaknesses, motivations, goals, and actions. It is the way a person shapes and organizes their life, achieves effective self-realization, plans their personal affairs, manages their personal life, and discovers their own capabilities and limitations. This research aims to present educational activities based on personal intelligence, in light of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and to demonstrate how it can be used to develop the four language skills in Arabic language teaching. The importance and necessity of this research lie in its focus on modernizing Arabic language teaching and learning methods in light of this intelligence, making the educational journey more enjoyable for both students and teachers. It also demonstrates the necessity of updating existing educational resources for teaching this language and providing new resources for each new generation. This research employs a descriptive-analytical and applied methodology. The study concluded that utilizing personal intelligence contributes to enhancing linguistic self-awareness, developing self-monitoring of performance, and increasing intrinsic motivation in learners, which positively impacts their listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29397.html The purpose of the present study is to investigate and explain the nature of Extramarital relationships from a legal and jurisprudential perspective. For this purpose, a descriptive and analytical research method was used. Information was also collected using the library method and by means of a variety of tools including books, articles, theses, dictionaries, websites, printed texts indexed in databases, and other related resources in public, specialized or digital libraries. After examining and defining the extramarital affair, the effects and consequences of these relationships, moral principles related to married life, rulings and effects related to spousal infidelity from a jurisprudential and legal point of view, women's legal problems in dealing with spousal extramarital affairs are discussed. In terms of legal grounds, it is also very important to pay attention to two issues: first, that a man or a woman cannot deprive his wife of any of his rights due to the betrayal of his wife. And secondly, the position of the religious and customary legislator is much more severe than the betrayal of the wife than the betrayal of the husband. It can be said that by accepting the legal basis, less damage is done to the family center. Moral and ideological teachings can also institutionalize moral foundations for them. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29398.html Elements such as name, design, color, typeface are the most important elements of the brand that can attract consumers to the brand and influence their purchasing decision. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigating the impact of the impact of the brand trademark on the customer re-purchase intention from Three-star hotel in Tehran. This research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of method. The statistical population is the customers of Three-star hotels in Tehran. Due to the researcher's lack of access to the total number of people in the population, the available non-probability sampling method was used and the size of the statistical population was determined based on Cochran's formula of 384 people; 436 questionnaires were analyzed. The data collection tool is the standard questionnaire of Froudi et al. (2019) which was approved by university professors for validity assessment and Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess its reliability. The alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was calculated to be 0.964. Which indicates confirmation of the reliability of the tool used. The collected data were analyzed by Spss26 and Amos26 software through statistical tests at both descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that the brand brand through attitude and brand reputation affects the customer's repurchase intention from three-star hotels in Tehran. This study helps marketing managers to design an effective brand that increase competitive advantage of hotel. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29399.html The development of the knowledge-based economy and the great and rapidly evolving developments of information and communication technology have become the basis for the creation, growth and development of entrepreneurial universities. Entrepreneurial university determines the future of societies. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to measure its effect on the quality of higher education and identify its dimensions and components and how to achieve it. Assessing the existing backgrounds in this field, the lack of research in this field is felt especially with the mediating role of entrepreneurial capacity. The present study is descriptive-correlation based on the applied purpose and based on the nature and method. In the analysis of the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data distribution was not normal, therefore, for analyzing the data, Smart PLS software was used. The results showed that in order to move in the direction of entrepreneurial university, it is necessary for each university, after recognizing its current situation, to undertake strategic planning at all levels and to strengthen the optimal relationship with stakeholders, especially industry, by developing a support structure; And the results showed that the entrepreneurial university affects the quality of higher education and the role of entrepreneurial capacity is very important. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29400.html Today, all organizations, large and small, have realized the importance of customer orientation, and among them, employees are considered as one of the main pillars of the organization in achieving this. On the other hand, effective entrepreneurial communication is closely related to successful performance. The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment is one of the important factors in management science. One of the main factors affecting commitment is employee job satisfaction. Assessing the existing backgrounds in this field, the lack of research in this field is felt especially with the mediating role of job satisfaction and the moderating role of organizational commitment. The present study is descriptive-correlation based on the applied purpose and based on the nature and method. In the analysis of the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data distribution was not normal, therefore, for analyzing the data, Smart PLS software was used. PLS covers three sections to fit and evaluate the validity of structural equation models. Fitting of measurement models, fit of structural model, fit of general model. The results showed that the conceptual model has a good fit. Also, to test the research hypotheses, the path coefficient and statistical value of t were used, which were all confirmed, and we concluded that entrepreneurship in the field of communication has a wide range, and on the other hand, if employees have full commitment and satisfaction leads to communication. It becomes good entrepreneurship and customer. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29401.html The main purpose of this article was to design a comprehensive model of factors affecting the success of viral marketing among online stores. The present study has been an exploratory mixed research in terms of applied-developmental purpose and in terms of nature. The research community in the qualitative sector has included experts in the field of marketing and consumer behavior in the online environment. The sampling approach has been judgmental and snowball following the adequacy of the sample. In this research, 20 experts were identified and participated. The statistical population in a small part included managers and experts of Digi Kala brand. The size of the research population was 105 people, which was determined by the Cochran's formula of 82 people. The sampling approach was stratified random. Semi-structured interviews were also used to collect data in the qualitative section. In a small part, a 35-item questionnaire was used. Theme analysis was used to analyze the qualitative part and structural equations based on partial least squares were used for the quantitative part. The results of the quality section confirmed that there were 30 sub-themes and 4 main themes that included (environmental factors, customer recognition and classification, online branding and message content factors). The results of the quantitative section also confirm that all four sub-themes have been effective on the success of viral marketing in the Digikala store. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29402.html Entrepreneurship development is one of the important areas for expanding and diversifying the economies and entrepreneurship education programs have been introduced as one of the policy tools to create innovation and promote entrepreneurship development. The purpose of this applied research is to Analysis of Effective components on Entrepreneurship Training in Technical and Vocational Education and Training System. The research design is qualitative with content analysis method. Using the snowball sampling method with 15 faculty members with entrepreneurial education specialties, training managers of technical and vocational organizations, vocational training specialists, managers and deputies in the fields of education policy Technical and professional experts and specialists in the field of human resources and educational sciences, in-depth interviews with the criteria of aristocracy in the topics of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education and the mechanism of technical and professional organization were conducted until the theoretical saturation. The results showed that entrepreneurship education in the technical and vocational education system of Iran has 10 dimensions and 32 components as Entrepreneurial specifications and characteristics, entrepreneurship education infrastructure, Learners 'entrepreneurial experience, entrepreneurial attitude, barriers and challenges of entrepreneurship education (learners 'challenges, resource challenges, technology challenges and coaches' challenges), creating equal opportunities for education, developing the content of entrepreneurship education programs (designing and establishing skills training models and the basis for developing programs), retention of learners in technical and vocational organization, entrepreneurial skills (personal skills, technical skills and managerial skills) and quality of education (improving the ability of learners and improving the ability of educators). https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29403.html The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of media literacy training on improving the quality of life with the mediating role of Internet addiction. Communication technologies have a dual impact on human health and life, so that in addition to the important role it plays in increasing human well-being and comfort, they also have harmful aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the effect of media literacy training on quality of life. Assessing the existing backgrounds in this field, there is a lack of research on this issue, especially with the mediating role of Internet addiction. The present study is descriptive-correlation based on the applied purpose and based on the nature and method. Accordingly, Smart PLS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in order to move towards improving the quality of life, it is necessary to teach media literacy, especially from adolescence or even lower, in order to prevent adolescent Internet addiction and its impact on lowering the quality of life. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29404.html The continuous growth of information technology and public access to communication systems have opened new horizons in the field of healthcare, including mobile healthcare. Due to the limited studies conducted in the field of mobile health technologies in Iran, this study investigated the impact of quality dimensions on the continuance intention to use mobile health services with the mediating role of inertia and customer satisfaction on 2020. This study is categorized as applied and descriptive research. The statistical population included all students of Karaj Islamic Azad University were approximately 30,000 people. The sample size(n=379) was calculated with Cochran's formula. To select the sample, the convient sampling method was used and the questionnaire was distributed among students of Karaj Islamic Azad University who have used mobile services in the field of healthcare. The content validity of questionnaire was confirmed using expert's opinion and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling in AMOS software. Findings indicate that different dimensions of service quality, including privacy, reliability, usability, content quality, interaction quality, environmental quality and outcome quality, with the mediating role of customer satisfaction have a positive and significant impact on the continuance intention to use. Also, environmental quality and outcome quality with the mediating role of interia have a positive and significant impact on the continuance intention to use. In addition, engagement, privacy, reliability and content quality also have a direct and significant impact on the continuance intention to use. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29405.html At the time of the COVID-19 epidemic, the global education system is in the process of transitioning and adapting to new and challenging situations that test the individual's conventional learning process in the classroom and invest in virtual and e-learning. In this study, we sought to design such a model by asking the basic question of a model for entrepreneurial learning in the Iranian university e-learning system. Because of the wide range of influencing variables and the complexities of the underlying phenomena under study, the theory and capacity of the underlying theory were explored in this model. In-depth data collection using in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 14 experts who are simultaneously in the field of e-learning and university and have experience in designing e-learning courses. Data analyzed through open, axial and selective coding using MaxQuoda 2018 software. The paradigm of entrepreneurial learning includes the central phenomenon (interactive learning, online opportunism), causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist variables, strategies and consequences of entrepreneurial learning (individual and organizational levels). These results provide valuable insights for university administrators and researchers on how to shape and develop entrepreneurial learning among e-university students. Finally, suggestions were made for future research. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29406.html In today's world, in order to use the maximum potential of the country's human capital, it is necessary to consider policies to increase women's employment and focus on removing barriers to women's participation in the labor market. This study intends to collect the views and approaches of women in the Iranian labor market and using thematic analysis to extract the barriers that women face directly in the workplace in the labor market. The tool used in this study is to collect interview information, which is done from a sample of women with different employment conditions, and to analyze the interview data, thematic analysis method is used. Based on the results, women's job barriers in the labor market. Iran was classified into three stages: job entry, job retention and career advancement. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29407.html The research has been performed to the aim of identification and introduction of fundraising indices from venture capitalists to Iranian startups. This applied research in terms of objective is a mixed method of research (quantitative-qualitative) as far as its method is concerned. So, primarily and in qualitative section of the research, data required have been collected through meta-synthesis via searching among reliable articles published for the period of 2000-2021 and selecting them. Data available have been selected through snowball sampling and interviews made with informed experts; then, they have been analyzed in MAXQDA software package. Then, indices of startups’ risk taking fundraising have been classified in three categories, 20 concepts and 50 initial codes.Accordingly,conceptual research model has been designed. Validity of qualitative section and its reliability have been confirmed respectively through Shannon entropy and Kappa coefficient. Then, in quantitative section and to validate conceptual model, researcher-made questionnaire has been formulated and distributed among 76 financial managers being active in Iranian funds and risk taking investment companies for the period of 2020-2021. Validity of quantitative section has been confirmed via convergent and divergent validity; and, its reliability has been confirmed through composite alpha coefficient. To analyze research hypotheses, confirmatory factor analysis has been applied in SmartPLS. Based on the qualitative research findings, fundraising indices have been identified and classified in three dimensions of financial performance,product,and customer indicator respectively with 8, 5, and 7 concepts. Quantitative results also are indicative of effectiveness of each of the three identified indicators on fundraising . https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29408.html Dobandirea competentelor internationale in cadrul programelor Erasmus -oportunitati privind facilitarea trecerii de la statutu Creating a platform for the commercialization of knowledge, in addition to providing economic value to organizations, leads to economic and technical growth of society. Today, the commercialization of academic achievements has a special place in the development of scientific, technical, economic and social systems. Because innovation does not occur in isolation and is largely the result of collaboration between different sectors, like firms, universities must configure their resources according to objectives in order to respond to dynamic market changes. This research seeks to identify the metamorphosis facilitators from the perspective of internationalization of higher education. Therefore, the research method is applied in terms of purpose and hybrid in terms of data collection. To select articles by searching in Web of Science and Scopus databases, 39 documents published in the period 2015-2021 were identified as relevant and valid documents and then the selected documents were reviewed and coded with a hyper-combined approach. Finally, Theme analysis has led to the identification of 6 categories: access to finance, access to technological knowledge, sharing of equipment and infrastructure, institutional factors, access to international distribution channels, technology-based alliances and their subsets. The results of the issue of commercialization of innovation from the perspective of internationalization of higher education show that research in this field is in its early stages of maturity and needs further study. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29409.html The present study aims to provide an effective model on the entrepreneurial attitude and competence of high school students. In this way, the survey method used. The data collection technique is a researcher-made questionnaire designed in the form of a total of Likert scores, the validity of which confirmed by two forms, CVI and CVR. The statistical population of this study includes principals and teachers in schools that have experience in providing entrepreneurship education programs, as well as faculty members and all educators and staff who have expertise or experience in entrepreneurship education at the secondary level, using the Cochran 400 formula selected as a sample through disproportionate cluster sampling. The results showed that entrepreneurial curriculum, entrepreneurial teachers, entrepreneurial school environment and school principals are associated with entrepreneurial competence. There is also a relationship between access to IT infrastructure, the organizational structure of schools, how students spend their leisure time, a network of friends and peers, parents, government support, and education policies with an entrepreneurial attitude. In addition, the structural model obtained using AMOS software indicates the appropriate fit of the model, that the factors studied in the model in the form of independent variables have been able to explain about 22% of entrepreneurial competence and 36% of entrepreneurial attitude. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29410.html In this paper, we focus on the critical periods in the economy that are characterized by unusual and large fluctuations in macroeconomic indicators, like those measuring inflation and unemployment. We analyze U.S. data for 70 years from 1948 until 2018. To capture their fluctuation essence, we concentrate on the non Gaussianity of their distributions. We investigate how the non-Gaussianity of these variables affects the coupling structure of them. Through the “multifractal random wall” model, one can see that the non-Gaussianity depends on time scales. The non-Gaussianity of unemployment is noticeable only for periods shorter than one year; for longer periods, the fluctuation distribution tends to a Gaussian behavior. In contrast, the non-Gaussianities of inflation fluctuations persist for all time scales. We observe through the “bivariate multifractal random walk” that despite the inflation features, the non-Gaussianity of the coupled structure is finite for scales less than one year, drops for periods larger than one year, and becomes small for scales greater than two years. This means that the footprint of the monetary policies intentionally influencing the inflation and unemployment couple is observed only for time horizons smaller than two years. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29411.html The main purpose of this article is a comparative study of the reading of verses related to women from the viewpoints of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli and Dr. Naaleh Al-Salini Razavi. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of theoretical purpose, qualitative in nature, and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The data collection method is in the form of taking notes and taking notes from various texts, including the books of two professors, articles indexed in various journals, and archives of domestic and international conferences and journals. The findings of the research indicate that Javadi Amoli's approach with the idea of transtemporal and extra-spatial nature of the Qur'an with Naleh Al-Salini, believing in the historicity of the Qur'an and applying the Qur'an to his thoughts in principles such as merely considering culture and society in his views due to differences in the foundations and arguments in the interpretation of women's verses, has many differential points, including in the topics of inheritance, hijab, proving gender equality, the concept of qawwamat, the historicity of interpretation, There are fundamental differences between temporary marriage, divorce, etc. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29412.html It is known that the books of the Arab literary heritage, which date back to the first Hijri centuries, are the most prominent bright civilized face of the two nations. Arabic, Islamic, because of its beneficial moral values, and pleasant aesthetic images.However, many scholars, students, and those interested in the Arab literary heritage face three main problems that stand in their way in reading and absorbing ancient literary books, which are determined by reading, understanding, and literary taste, all of which are linked to overcoming and overcoming them, by choosing the appropriate position, and good listening. And morals, which are useful in life and society, in addition to studying general knowledge and knowing the details of Arabic sciences.In this study, the two researchers relied on the book (The Greatest Benefits and Pearls of Necklaces), by Al-Sharif Al-Murtadha, who died in (436 AH), as it is an old book containing ancient texts, poetry and prose. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29413.html Body language is considered a fundamental component of linguistic skills, occupying a prominent position in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. It enhances effective communication and enriches cultural and linguistic interaction. However, enabling learners to correctly employ body language remains a challenge that necessitates innovative educational strategies. In this context, drama emerges as an effective educational tool, offering dynamic and realistic contexts that enable learners to simulate communicative situations rich in body language. This study aims to investigate the impact of using plays, specifically Tawfiq Al-Hakim's play "Her Majesty," in developing learners' proficiency in using body language during conversation. The research employed a quasi-experimental approach based on a proposed educational program utilizing the play to teach body language, in addition to a descriptive analytical methodology to examine relevant statistical indicators. The program was applied to a sample of fifth-year undergraduate students at the University of Tehran during the academic year 2020–2021. To analyze the results, the SPSS program was used along with various statistical techniques, including inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene's test, and ANOVA) and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). The results demonstrated that employing drama as an educational tool significantly improved learners' skills in using body language during conversation, underlining the importance of integrating plays into Arabic language teaching programs for non-native speakers. The study also provided practical recommendations for developing curricula based on drama to enhance the physical and communicative aspects of language learning. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29414.html If we consider the most comprehensive and true meaning of justice in Islam to be respecting the rights of individuals and granting every right holder his right; in contrast to oppression, which is trampling on the rights and encroaching on and occupying the rights of others; it must be said that the realization of this most important goal and objective of Islamic teachings in some women's rights, including the discussion of "implementing the condition of proxy in divorce for an unmarried wife," should be seriously considered by the legislator.Since freedom of will, with the permission of Article 10 of the Civil Code, determines the conditions included in the marriage contract, and these conditions modify a contract whose conclusion is by two wills and its dissolution is entrusted to one will, and as a result, they establish justice between the rights of the parties to the marriage contract, does not the restriction of the twelfth condition of official marriage certificates by the unanimous decision of the General Board of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Iran, violate the purpose and contradict the philosophy of compiling and prescribing these conditions and contradict the firm and solid principle of social justice? The necessity of performing religious and legal duties by the wife, the lack of giving rewards to the unmarried wife, and the fatwas of jurists, etc., in general, determine the viewpoint of those in favor of the unanimous opinion. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29415.html Symbolic Structuralism is a theory rooted in Saussurean structural linguistics, which posits that the relationship between the signifier and the signified, while arbitrary, is contained within an internal structure. In Ibn 'Arabi’s gnosis ('irfan), the symbol transcends its status as a mere linguistic sign, evolving into an “ontological structure” that bridges the microcosm and the macrocosm. The “dialectic of rhetoric and semantics” employed here is derived from I. A. Richards’ interactive rhetoric and Greimas’ structural semantics; in this framework, rhetoric is not a decorative element but a producer of meaning and a structurer of the symbol.The primary research questions are: 1. How do rhetorical devices in Ibn 'Arabi’s texts transform into symbolic signifiers that produce ontological significations transcending literal meaning? 2. How can “symbolic structuralism,” the “dialectic of rhetoric and semantics,” and “phenomenology” be synthesized into a unified analytical framework that reveals both the structure of existence and consciousness?The study aims to uncover the mechanism by which rhetorical devices transform into symbolic signifiers in three texts from the Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya (Meccan Illuminations), based on the hypothesis that the symbol is an ontological structure and rhetoric is a generator of meaning. Methodologically, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on the synthesis of the three aforementioned theories. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29416.html Ekphrasis is defined as a precise textual description of a visual artwork that seeks to recreate it in detail, enabling the recipient to envision the artwork without viewing it directly. This study examines ekphrasis in the poetic works of Shawqi Ghannam inspired by the paintings of Imad Abu Ishtayeh. Ekphrasis is understood as the textual representation of a visual artwork, where meaning moves from image to poem through description, interpretation, and symbolic re-creation. The research focuses on how visual elements from Abu Ishtayeh’s paintings are transferred into Ghannam’s poetic structures, and how this process helps produce meanings connected to Palestinian identity, memory, and resistance. Using a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, the study argues that the relationship between the two artists is based on visual verbal reference, moving from a visual source to a poetic target. It also shows that realistic ekphrasis is more prominent than mental ekphrasis, since the poems depend on describing people, places, events, and moments as meaningful units rather than on abstract reflection alone. The study concludes that Ghannam’s poems do not merely describe the paintings, but select and intensify their key elements. Symbols such as the woman, Jerusalem, the dove, the cactus, the keffiyeh, and wheat stalks are transformed into charged poetic signs carrying identity and collective memory. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29417.html Two distinct intellectual traditions-existential psychology and Islamic philosophy-have independently explored human existence and fundamental anxieties. Comparing them enables deeper analysis of key concepts like death, freedom, loneliness, and meaninglessness, laying groundwork for an integrative, interdisciplinary, and cross-cultural approach in human psychology. This study uses a comparative analysis to examine fundamental anxieties amid today’s crisis of meaning and isolation, contrasting the views of Irvin Yalom (existential psychotherapy) and Allama Mohammad-Taqi Jafari (Islamic philosophy).The research aims to analyze similarities and differences between the two perspectives and evaluate their use in spiritually-focused therapy, education, and modern life philosophies, promoting civilizational dialogue, indigenous knowledge renewal, and critique of modernity’s dehumanizing effects.Findings indicate that Yalom offers an individual-focused psychotherapeutic model emphasizing introspection and meaning, while Jafari proposes ontological solutions restoring human connections with God, existence, self, and others. Yalom’s approach suits modern therapy; Jafari’s aids spiritual reconstruction, enabling theoretical integration and spiritually-informed interventions. The analysis aims to highlight the points of convergence and divergence between the two approaches, paving the way for a dialogue between existential psychology and Islamic philosophy, thereby contributing to the development of therapeutic approaches and the strengthening of meaning-making in addressing contemporary existential crises. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29418.html Man and the perfect man are among the subjects that have a special place both in the school of Ibn Arabi and his pupils and in the sublime wisdom of Mulla Sadra and his disciples. Doubt in the existence of transcendental wisdom (tashkike khasi) and in the arrival and manifestation (tashkike khasi al-khasi) in the school of Ibn Arabi, distinguishes these two schools, despite several similarities and affinities. Sabzevari is familiar with the school of Ibn Arabi. He is one of the exponents of transcendental wisdom. He is also familiar with Hafez and Rumi, and is good at poetry. This amazing phenomenon deals with human beings both in the subjects of wisdom and in the poems. Malahadi looks at the human being with a super-abstract view in the subjects of wisdom and analyzes the issues related to the perfect human being. In Divan of secrets, although the mystical concepts are not expressed in the form of theoretical mysticism words, there are many poetic and sometimes non-poetic references to many theoretical mysticism components including anthropology. In the subjects related to human characteristics, it is not exaggerated to claim the sameness between the mystical view and the transcendental theological wisdom. Sabzevari has stated these characteristics with this common and general view. Molahadi Sabzevari's art in his poetry is not a new scheme in anthropology; rather it is a rare scheme and tough terms in a delicate form, presenting the perfect human being to the audience as a full- https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29419.html Bakhtin’s dialogic theory is considered one of the most prominent modern critical contributions to textual analysis. It views literature as a multi-voiced space where discourses interact in that dismantles the dominance of a single voice. This theory highlights linguistic plurality and intellectual conflict, granting the literary work a dynamic character that reflects the diversity of its audience and their varied perspectives. In this context, the present study seeks to uncover the presence of myth in Reem Al-Bayati’s poetry collection For Strangers and Exile, relying a descriptive-analytical approach informed by Bakhtin’s dialogic theory. The study selects textual evidence from the collection, identifying Eastern and Western mythological symbols and examining how they interact with the poet’s voice and her contemporary experience. The findings reveal that Al-Bayati invokes mythological heritage as a means of expressing her existential vision and anxieties. For her, myth serves as a window through which her concerns, thoughts, and inner conflicts flow. referencing mythological figures such as Tammuz, Ishtar, and Enlil, she adds new semantic dimensions that embody themes of rebirth, fertility, conflict, and absence. Western symbols like Tantalus, Actaeon, and Cronus also contribute to broadening the scope of her poetic experience, shifting it from the particular to the universal. The study concludes that the poet’s occasional accumulation of symbols represents an aesthetic choice that portrays the chaos and fragmentation of the present, while simultaneously mirroring the self’s anxiety and confusion. This affirms the dynamic nature of the text and its multiplicity of voices in light of dialogic theory. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29420.html The employment of Sufi discourse is considered one of the most significant expressive modes in contemporary Arabic poetry, aiming to break the monotony of traditional communicative patterns. Contemporary poets have found in it new spiritual and intellectual horizons through which they enrich and deepen their modern poetic experience with Sufi symbols and meanings.Omar Jalal al-Din Hazzaʿ (born in 1973) is one of those poets whose poetry has been profoundly influenced by Sufi discourse, particularly in his poetry collection On the Station of Theophany (ʿAlā Maqām al-Tajallī). A reading of this collection reveals that the poet drew inspiration from the Sufi language that ascends toward the heavens and restored it to the origins of its lexical formation.Using a descriptive and analytical approach, this study seeks to provide a textual examination of the poet’s discourse in On the Station of Theophany through a critical reading of its poems. It investigates the Sufi vision embedded in the collection and the Sufi signifiers artistically employed at the linguistic level, with the aim of uncovering their acquired meanings and clarifying their significance within the contexts in which they appear.Among the most important findings of the study is that the mystical (gnostic) tendency is manifested in the title of the collection, On the Station of Theophany, as well as in its themes, poetic imagery, symbols, and lexical repertoire, thereby establishing the collection upon an integrated Sufi worldview. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29421.html Poetry is a living mirror of social and political transformations. Contemporary Arabic poetry in its "early stages" was distinguished by its dynamic interaction with reality, as the poetic movement began to shift from traditional forms towards an openness to contemporary social and political issues. Among the poets who embodied these characteristics, Muhammad Saeed al-Haboubi al-Najafi (1849-1915) stands out, whose poetry was closely linked to his local reality. This study seeks to investigate the dialectical relationship between poetic imagery and social reality in al-Haboubi's poetry. It also aims to explain the poet's choice of specific sources (nature, heritage, and humanity) in light of external factors and to highlight the social function of poetic imagery through a socio-literary approach. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted, analyzing selected examples from al-Haboubi's Diwan (1913) using concepts from the sociology of literature. The study concluded that the relationship between imagery and reality was not a negative reflection, but rather an artistic process of reshaping governed by social and historical factors. This interaction manifests itself on both the social level (employing customs to solidify collective identity) and the political level (transforming praise and elegy into a discourse of resistance). Furthermore, the choice of imagery sources was a conscious response to the Najaf environment, the poetic heritage, and the political context. Finally, al-Haboubi's poetry represents a transitional model that combines authenticity and modernity. Finally, the relationship was a dialectical and interactive one, making poetry a social agent rather than a mere passive reflection. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29422.html This research critically examines the redemptive function of religion and analyzes the concept of "Soteria" (salvation) with emphasis on the Christian tradition. The necessity of this research stems from a paradigmatic shift within contemporary liberation theology—from the traditional transcendental approach (emphasizing a personal and active God for liberation from existential constraints) toward an immanent approach (underscoring inherent human capacities for self-actualization within history). Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology with problem-oriented critical comparison, this study first elucidates the functional constructs of religion, then defines Soteria within Christianity as an interpersonal process between humanity and God.The findings indicate that Soteria encompasses not only individual liberation from suffering and sin but also, through liberation theology, incorporates social dimensions of emancipation from oppression, manifesting in two forms: "liberation from limitations" and "attainment of existential perfection." Contrary to reductionist interpretations, this analysis emphasizes the necessity of a dialogical relationship with the transcendent for authentic salvation. By critiquing secular approaches to "self-grounded salvation," the study argues that genuine salvation is impossible without a dialogical relation to the "transcendent Other." The article concludes by proposing a synthetic model of "transcendental dialogue," wherein divine grace constitutes the condition for liberation, while faith and human action serve as its realization within history. Thus, by elucidating the multidimensional and transformative nature of religion's salvific function, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of developments in liberation theology in the contemporary world. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29423.html Communicative competence is a central concept in language and communication studies, referring to individuals' ability to effectively use language to establish meaningful communication. According to the view of Lyle Bachman (1990), a prominent theorist in the field of discourse studies, communicative competence is divided into two fundamental components: linguistic knowledge and competence in establishing verbal communication. The novel "The Master Scholar" by Bensalem Himmich possesses communicative competences in its verbal structure, and Bachman's theory of communicative competences provides a suitable framework for measuring the speech context in this novel within the realm of literary criticism. The characters in the novel exhibit behaviors and dialogues influenced by social and political circumstances, and evaluating their performance based on their linguistic, discursive, and social standing is of paramount importance. This study aims to critique and analyze the speech context in the novel "The Master Scholar" by Bensalem Himmich using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the American school of comparative literature, while applying the theory of communicative competences by Lyle F. Bachman. Among the most prominent results of this study is the existence of an inseparable, close relationship between communicative competences and Bachman's theory; the analysis of the novel reveals a complex discursive structure reflecting a close interaction between the levels of communicative competence in Bachman's framework, where grammatical competence emerges as an effective tool in shaping meaning and rhetorical impact, especially in the discourse of main characters like Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29424.html Conceptual metaphors have introduced a new mechanism into the field of cognitive linguistics, enabling the understanding of one conceptual domain through another. In this approach, language is not merely a tool for expression; rather, it reflects the way thought structures and makes concepts comprehensible. Metaphorical mappings create a bridge between familiar domains and complex ones, allowing for a more precise understanding, interpretation, and categorization of meaning. In religious texts, conceptual metaphors play a fundamental role in making abstract concepts and spiritual experiences understandable. By employing metaphorical mappings, these texts express complex themes in the form of more tangible images. From this perspective, the analysis of conceptual metaphors can elucidate how religious texts organize spiritual realities and convey them to the reader. This study aims to employ a descriptive-analytical method, based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson, to explore the role of conceptual metaphors in representing three negative emotions—fear, anger, and sadness—in Al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādiyya. The findings indicate that structural and ontological metaphors play a more prominent role in reflecting and depicting these three components: fear is predominantly conceptualized in terms of danger and threatening situations, anger as an aggressive and eruptive force, and sadness as an oppressive burden and consuming darkness. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29425.html Fantasy literature is an aesthetic structure that is formed by creating worlds beyond the laws of familiar reality, through the imagination of impossible events in ordinary human experience. This genre draws its strength from unreality and the intentional use of surprise, and creates a state of doubt in the audience that wanders between the natural or supernatural interpretation of events; this gives the text a problematic character that simultaneously combines the real and the absurd. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the three stages of observation, classification, and interpretation, has examined the developments of fantasy literature in the novel "My Voices Are the Traveler" by Naeem Al-Mosafer. The aim of the research is to analyze the use of mythological and folk characters and traditional symbols, to understand the function of fantasy signs in the narrative space, to discover the link between fantasy and the recreation of reality, to explain its role in producing meaning and deepening the artistic perspective of the text, and to reveal the repressed in the collective unconscious by invoking mythological and folk heritage in the narrative structure. The findings show that fantasy literature is manifested in this novel at two main levels of characters and events. At the level of characters, mythical creatures such as "Sa'aloeh" and "Tantal" appear as hidden forces that transform the behavior of the characters and their perceptions. At the level of events, fantasy literature manifests itself through the violation of the laws of familiar reality. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29426.html Lady Zaynab's (peace be upon her) sermon in Kufa is considered the first public response from the family of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) after the tragedy of Karbala. It was addressed directly to the people of Kufa, who were responsible for the tragedy. In this sermon, Lady Zaynab (peace be upon her) rebuked the people of Kufa for their failure to support Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). This sermon is considered one of the most important historical documents that reveals the injustice inflicted upon the family of the Prophet (peace be upon them) and exposes their enemies. The overall context of the sermon is a rebuke of the people of Kufa. Lady Zaynab (peace be upon her) questions the reason for their outward weeping, deeming them foolish for having torn apart their religion after it had been firmly established, and for having lost all their good deeds before God. Therefore, they deserve God's wrath and eternal punishment. Eloquence and fluency were the two prominent features of Lady Zaynab al-Kubra's (peace be upon her) sermon in Kufa. The audience was impressed by Lady Zaynab's eloquence, as she used her powerful rhetorical skills to expose and humiliate the Umayyad government. Her use of brevity, simile, Quranic quotations, and other means of expression, especially metaphor, in this eloquent sermon was remarkable, enhancing its beauty. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29427.html This study offers a systematic analysis of image schemas in the Shaqshaqiyya Sermon within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Drawing on the theoretical foundations established by Johnson (1987) and Evans and Green (2006), the sermon text was segmented into meaningful clausal units, and the linguistic markers corresponding to five primary image schemas-CONTAINER, PATH, FORCE, BALANCE, and LINK-were identified and analyzed. The findings indicate that the PATH schema, being the most frequent, plays a pivotal role in conceptualizing history and politics as dynamic and directional processes. The FORCE and CONTAINER schemas are also extensively utilized to represent pressure, coercion, and political domination. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that in a considerable portion of the samples, multiple schemas are integrated within a single expression, reflecting a high degree of cognitive density in the text (Evans & Green, 2006, p. 215). Abstract notions such as oppression, deviation, and collapse are consistently comprehended through mappings onto embodied, sensorimotor experiences-including bodily sensations, motion, and force-thereby corroborating the embodiment thesis central to cognitive linguistics (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999, p. 45). Overall, the Shaqshaqiyya Sermon constructs a coherent network of image schemas to present a layered and critical portrayal of the sociopolitical conditions following the Prophet's demise. The findings underscore how religious discourse can effectively harness embodied cognitive structures to convey complex meanings in a vivid and impactful manner. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29428.html Following the Al-Aqsa Flood operation (2023) and the subsequent brutal Zionist aggression against Gaza, a vast number of poets and writers emerged to denounce the occupiers’ crimes and write about the resilience and resistance of Gaza. Among these writers is the Yemeni poet Al-Harith bin Al-Fadl, whose initial poems in his new collection, The Gasp of the Third Bā’ (Shahqat al-Bā’ al-Thālithah), focused on the calamities endured by the Palestinian people in Gaza during this aggression. This research seeks to explore the dimensions of representing the “Al-Aqsa Flood” event in the poet’s diwan, adopting a semiotic approach as an analytical framework to uncover the mechanisms of aesthetic formulation and the generation of significations in his texts. The study stems from a core hypothesis that the poem in Al-Harith bin Al-Fadl’s experience is not merely an emotional echo of a political or military event; rather, it is a complex semiotic construction that reshapes and deconstructs reality to build a linguistic icon charged with symbols and resistant mythology. To achieve this objective, the study delves into examining how the vocabulary of war and destruction transforms into artistic signifiers that transcend their referential function to become tools for consolidating collective memory. It also offers an in-depth analysis of the dialectic of Self and Other that delineates the symbolic boundaries of the conflict, relying on the deconstruction of binary oppositions that endow the text with heightened expressive energy. . https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29429.html AbstractAnthropomorphism is a prominent stylistic device in literature that extends beyond conventional rhetorical personification by attributing human qualities, emotions, and behaviors to inanimate objects, animals, and natural phenomena, thereby transforming them into active entities within the literary text. Its function is not merely aesthetic; it also carries significant semantic and epistemological implications, enabling the embodiment of abstract concepts, the animation of nature, the intensification of emotional resonance, and the articulation of themes such as alienation, memory, and the human relationship with the world. This study investigates the anthropomorphic representation of night in the poetry of Abdullah al-Bardouni, one of the most prominent contemporary Yemeni poets, whose poetry engages deeply with human and social concerns and transforms the poetic text into a humanistic space for confronting oppression, domination, and marginalization. The significance of this study lies in highlighting anthropomorphism as an innovative artistic device capable of transcending conventional poetic patterns and establishing new semantic relationships between the human subject and the surrounding world. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study examines the manifestations of the anthropomorphization of night and their semantic implications in al-Bardouni’s poetry. The findings reveal that the poet employs diverse artistic representations to portray night as a living entity endowed with human qualities and emotions, thereby integrating it into his inner world and emotional experience. The anthropomorphization of night also reflects the poet’s sorrow, suffering, and alienation, particularly through its evocation of painful memories and enduring experiences of the past. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29430.html This research examines religious heritage and its manifestations in the poetry of Muhammad Husayn Al-Yasin, recognizing religious heritage as a dynamic component of the Arabic poetic experience and a significant source of semantic and artistic enrichment for the poetic text. The study aims to uncover the ways in which this heritage appears in Al-Yasin’s poetry and to demonstrate how the poet utilizes religious references to construct his poetic experience and shape his artistic and humanistic vision.Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research examines selected examples of Al-Yasin’s poetry, tracing the presence of the Holy Quran, the Prophetic tradition, and the heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (the Prophet’s family), along with the associated figures, events, and religious and human values. It also explores the semantic and artistic dimensions of this utilization—specifically, the heritage's role in deepening meaning, constructing imagery and symbolism, and adding new dimensions to the poetic experience.The study concludes that religious heritage in Muhammad Husayn Al-Yasin’s poetry serves not merely as historical material or a cultural reference point but transforms into an active creative element in shaping the poetic text. The poet reinterprets this heritage within the context of his own experience, imbuing it with meanings related to human issues, values, and perspectives on life. Thus, the presence of religious heritage reveals an interplay between tradition and creativity, and between authenticity and innovation, thereby enriching Al-Yasin’s poetic experience and lending it semantic and artistic depth. https://aijh.modares.ac.ir/article_29481.html AbstractThis study is based on a hypothesis that challenges the prevailing approach in most stylistic studies to syntactic phenomena in poetry. While ellipsis, restriction, and the passive voice have traditionally been treated as three separate phenomena, this study considers them three syntactic operations within a single strategy that may be termed "syntactic economy". This strategy is based on asserting the effect and closing the door to alternative possibilities while concealing or generalizing the agent. Ellipsis removes an element, restriction narrows the scope of judgment, and the passive voice suppresses the agent. All three operate in the same direction: reducing the number of explicitly mentioned entities in the sentence while increasing its semantic load. The study adopts a closed corpus consisting of three poems from the poet’s collection, edited by Muhammad Reza al-Qamusi: "The Loss of the Basran Nation", "Here I Am, O Spirit of Abu al-Jawad", and "O Abu Dharr". The occurrences of the three phenomena were identified and classified according to the element economized. Each occurrence was then subjected to three procedural tests: the restoration test, which restores the omitted element, removes the restrictive device, and converts the passive into the active voice in order to measure the resulting semantic loss; the functional distribution test, based on the purpose of each poem; and the interaction test, which examines the occurrence of two or three operations within a single poetic line.