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The studied specimens of the family Asilidae collected from various locations of East Azerbaijan province during 2011-2014. Nine genera and thirteen species of the family Asilidae are recognized. Two species Antipalus varipes (Meigen, 1820), Engelopogon goedli (Loew, 1854) are reported as new records to the Iranian fauna.

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Understanding the development of gully volumes requires the empirical relations between gully volume (V) and length (L) to be established in the field. So far, such V–L relations have been proposed for a limited number of gullies/environments and were especially developed for ephemeral gullies.In this study, V–L relations were established for ephemeral gullies in southern Ilam. In order to take the regional variability in environmental characteristics into account, controlling factors of gully cross-sectional morphology were studied for 90 cross-sections. The results indicated that the soil properties were the most important controls of gully cross-sectional shape and size. Cross-sectional size could be fairly well predicted by their drainage area. The V–L relationship for the complete dataset was V=15.45 L ^0.12 (n = 90, R²=0.06). In addition, gully volume was also related to its catchments area (A) and catchment slope gradient (S_c). This study demonstrated that the V–L and V–A×Sc relations were not suitable to assess ephemeral gully volume.

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During a study on fauna of the frit flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) in Khorasan Razavi province (Iran) in 2014 and 2015, nine species of six genera were collected and identified. Platycephala rugosa (Nartshuk, 1964) is recorded for the first time for Iranian fauna. Geographical distribution and biological notes are provided.

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Butterflies of the Inani Reserve Forest were studied between May 2014 and May 2015. One hundred twenty five species of butterflies belonging to 84 genera and six families (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) were recorded during this study. The highest number of species comprised Family Nymphalidae (38 species, 30.4%) followed by Lycaenidae (35 species, 20.8%), Hesperiidae (26 species, 20.16%), Pieridae (16 species, 12.8%), Papilionidae (9 species, 7.2%) and the Family Riodinidae comprised the lowest (one species, 0.8%). The abundance of recorded butterflies was calculated in term of Very Common (20 species), Common (29 species), Uncommon (32 species), Rare (23 species) and Very Rare (21 species). The butterflies preferred different types of habitat (viz., Grass Land, Crop Land, Open Forest, Scrub Forest, Dense Forest and Bamboo Patches). Thirty species of butterflies were regularly observed in all kind of habitats, 69 species preferred multiple habitats (8 in 4 types, 24 in 3 types and 38 in 2 types of habitat) and 25 species were recorded only in a single type of habitats. Mud-puddling of 36 species were also observed. During this study, Zinaspa todara (Family: Lycaenidae) was the first time record in Bangladesh and Euploea doubledayi (Family: Danaidae) was recorded after 150 year later.

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Based on specimens collected from East Azerbaijan province during 2009-2012, five genera and nine species of the family Scathophagidae are recognized. Eight species including: Cordilura rufipes (Meigen, 1826), Gimnomera montana Ozerov et Krivosheina, 2013, Norellisoma spinimana (Fallén, 1819), Parallelomma albipes (Fallén, 1819), Scathophaga kaszabi (Šifner, 1975), Scathophaga lutaria (Fabricius, 1794), Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758), Scathophaga taeniopa (Rondani, 1867) and four genera (Cordilura Fallén, 1810, Gimnomera Rondani, 1866, Norellisoma Wahlgren, 1917, Parallelomma Becker, 1894)) are recorded from Iran for the first time. Photos and key to species of the family Scathophagidae occurring in this region are provided.  

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The Iranian fauna of Eudorylini (Diptera, Pipunculidae) is reviewed. The new material were collected in Western (Kermanshah) and Eastern (North Khorasan, Khorasan-e Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan-o Baluchestan) provinces during 2015–2016. In total, twenty species of Eudorylini belonging to four genera known from Iran are listed. Four species, Claraeola conjuncta (Collin, 1949), Clistoabdominalis nitidifrons (Becker, 1900), Dasydorylas discoidalis (Becker, 1897) and Eudorylas jenkinsoni Coe, 1966 are newly recorded from Iran. A brief diagnosis is presented for the newly recorded species.

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We present the results of a survey on the sawfly fauna of Anguran Protected Area, Dandi, Mahneshan County, Zanjan Province, Iran. Surveys in 2018 with nets recorded 4 sawfly species in three genera: Macrophya diversipes (Schrank, 1782); Macrophya nr. ribis (Schrank, 1781); Tenthredo cinctipleuris (Enslin, 1910) and Dolerus murcius Konow, 1895. The last mentioned species is a new record for the Iranian fauna.

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Counting the population of insect pests is a key task for planning a successful integrated pest management program. Most image processing and machine vision techniques in the literature are very site-specific and cannot be easily re-usable because their performances are highly related to their ground truth data. In this article a new unsupervised image processing method is proposed which is general and easy to use for non-experts. In this method firstly a hypothesis framework is defined to distinguish pests from other particles in a captured image after texture, color and shape analyses. Then, the decision about each hypothesis is made by estimating a distribution function for sizes of particles which are presented in the image. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated on real captured images that belong to plants in green housesand farms with low and high densities of whiteflies. The obtained results show the greater ability of the proposed method in counting whiteflies on crop leaves compared to adaptive thresholding and K-means algorithms. Furthermore it is shown that better counting of the pest by proposed algorithm not only doesn't lead to extracting more false objects but also it decreases the rate of false detections compared to the results of the alternative algorithms.  

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Problem: In a two-way relationship with the surrounding environment, human affects the environment on the one hand and is also under the influence of the environment on the other hand. The quality of the physical environment affects the mental health of individuals, and decreases or increases depression, stress, liveliness, vitality, and other states of individuals.
Objective: This study aims to explain and evaluate the effectiveness of physical factors of open space of residential complexes on the mental health of elderlies.
Method: The method of this study is quantitative, and is among descriptive-analytical studies with correlation type in terms of objective.
Results: Findings indicate a direct and significant relationship between physical components: place desirability, appropriateness with cognitive-perceptual abilities, permeability, geometry, location, and mental health of elderlies. Moreover, all components identified in this study could affect the liveliness, vitality, and mental health of elderlies although the effect levels are different between various studied buildings.

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During 2010–2011, a faunistic study of the family Syrphidae was carried out in Torbat Heydarie, Roshtkhar and Khaf (Razavi Khorasan province), northeastern Iran. Among the collected specimens, we found two species, Paragus gussakovskii Bańkowska and Platycheirus immarginatus Zetterstedt which are new records for the fauna of Iran.

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This study forms a review of the subfamily Tachininae in the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains and northwestern Iran from 2010 to 2014. A total of 23 genera and 37 species belonging to 11 tribes of the subfamily Tachininae are reviewed. Among them, three genera and 11 species are new records to the fauna of Iran. The collected data of all species, together with their current general distribution and reported hosts are presented. Identification keys to the 23 genera and 37 species found in the studied regions are also provided.

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In the present study, the political dimension of the current underdevelopment situation and how it is tied to the economy as well as its consequences in Kurdistan province have been explored. Undoubtedly, the study of how all aspects of Iran's political economy work and analyze requires extensive research, and sometimes due to lack of data, it is not possible to get an accurate picture of the monopolies that govern it. The arrival of hydrocarbon resources has added to the complexity of this structure, so that many consider the abundance of resources and the emergence of the rentier government as the main cause of the current situation, unaware that the defective structure of Iran's political economy without oil revenues is able to provide a minimum welfare. It also did not have the current limited infrastructure. In the present study, using a qualitative method, we will seek to answer the question of whether there is a significant difference in the development levels of Kurdistan province and the country as a whole or not. Comparing the indicators of human development in 1977 and 2017, it was concluded that in general, Kurdistan province in terms of human development has a lower rank than the national average, the main reason for which can be introduced in the form of political economy of monopolies whose roots It goes back to the period before the Islamic Revolution in 1978.

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This study aimed to isolate the thermophilic bacteria producing exoglucanase from hot springs of Dehloran, in Ilam province, in South-West of Iran. After sampling, bacterial enrichment was performed in a medium containing rice barn or CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose). Identifying bacteria was performed based on characteristics such as universal 16SrRNA gene sequencing using PCR. The isolates indicated the most similarity to species Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana، Chelatococcus daeguensis,Promicromonospora sp., Isoptericola variabilis sp. in the GenBank. The selected strain was identified and named as Isoptericola variabilis sp. IDAH9. The strain showed 1 U/ml exoglucanas activity. In order to optimization of enzyme production, the effects of carbon, nitrogen, Tween-80, and sucrose were evaluated. The results showed that the most exoglucanas activity are obtained at concentrations of 0.2% sucrose, 0.6% Tween 80 and 12 g/l of bran and carboxymethyl cellulose carbon sources and 5.6 g/l of ammonium sulfate. The residual enzyme activity was retained 64% of activity after 24 hour incubation at 50 °C. Therefore, Isoptericola variabilis sp. IDAH9 can be a suitable option for production thermostable exoglucanase from low price carbon sources..

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Pelopidas thrax (Hübner) (Lep.: Hesperiidae) is a widespread species in southwest Iran. We aimed to use geometric morphometric techniques to investigate the sexual dimorphism and allometric effects associated with the wings of P. thrax. Fore- and hind wings of 40 and 39 individuals, respectively, of each sex which were collected from Ahvaz city were digitized and analyzed.  Sexual dimorphism was observed in size and shape of fore- and hind wings of P. thrax and was graphically illustrated. Multivariate statistics confirmed significant differences in shape of fore- and hind wing between sexes. Centroid size of both wings showed greater values in females than males and visualized by boxplots. Various multivariate regressions of shape coordinates on centroid size were significant and visualized by the thin plate splines. Allometry explained shape variance in each case between 0.8% to 19.6%. The analysis demonstrated different allometric patterns for sexes in both fore- and hind wings. Significant shape differences between wings of males and females were still remained after removing allometric effects. The variation that is not related to size could be attributed to specific behaviors such as flight speed and performance in each sex. However, specific experiments are needed to confirm the association of the wing shape variation expressed in this study with the flight traits.

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Six new species of the genus Eumerus Meigen, 1822 are here described from Iran. The new species and their four related groups are as follows: E. nadoosheni Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov. of the Eumerus barbarus group; E. pollinipedes Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov. of the Eumerus minotaurus group; E. effossus Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov. and E. similis Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov. of the Eumerus obliquus group, as well as E. intermedius Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov. and E. khiabani Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov. of the Eumerus ornatus group. In addition, the species E. argyropus Loew, 1848 and E. torsicus Grković & Vujić, 2015 are newly recorded from Iran. The illustrations of the male genitalia and images of the new species are provided.

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The aim of this study is to make an inventory of the fauna of the Odonata in Theniet El Had National Park, which helps managers to make appropriate decisions for the conservation of these species. The site is entirely forested (Cedrus and Quercus species) with numerous intra-forest natural environments (clearings, grasslands, rocky habitats, springs, pools and ponds, etc.), this mosaic of habitats harbours a remarkable wealth of fauna and flora. Our study focused on the natural and artificial temporary forest ponds, scattered throughout the park, which are of biological and ecological interest for a very wide range of insects, most notably the hemimetabola. These are characterised by a larval stage that is quite different from the adult stage in terms of habitat and lifestyle, namely odonates, where the larvae are aquatic whereas the adults have an aerial life. The inventory of odonates was carried out through monthly surveys of 8 water bodies (7 forest ponds and one hill reservoir) during one year, from March 2017 to February 2018. This preliminary inventory allowed us to inspect 240 individuals of odonates belonging to 18 species i.e. 11 genera and 5 families. The species recorded at the end of this study are the subject of a cartographic representation showing their distribution at the local scale (in the park) and at the national scale.

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The fauna of the subfamily Exoristinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) was studied in northern Iran. A total of 29 species within 26 genera and 6 tribes have been collected and identified. Among them 11 genera and 15 species are newly recorded for Tachinidae fauna of Iran: Admontia blanda (Fallén, 1820), Bessa parallela (Meigen, 1824), Blepharipa pratensis (Meigen, 1824), Ceracia mucronifera Rondani, 1865, Exorista rustica (Fallen, 1810), Gonia ornata Meigen, 1826, Gonia vacua Meigen, 1826,  Medina collaris (Fallén, 1820), Paratryphera barbatula (Rondani, 1859), Neophryxe vallina (Rondani, 1861), Ocytata pallipes (Fallén, 1820), Pachystylum bremii Macquart, 1848, Pales pavida (Meigen, 1824), Phorinia aurifrons Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Platymyia fimbriata Meigen, 1824. The collected and distribution data, diagnoses, illustrations of the new records, and host information are provided.

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Adult caddisflies were collected from the spring area located in the Blinajë Hunting Reserve in Kosovo between May and September 2022. In this study, we identified 21 species belonging to 9 families of caddisflies (Goeridae, Hydropsychidae, Hydroptilidae, Limnephilidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae, Rhyacophilidae, and Sericostomatidae). The genus Orthotrichia Eaton, 1873 and species Orthotrichia tragetti Mosely, 1930 are reported for the first time from Kosovo. Agraylea sexmaculata Curtis, 1834 is reported from Kosovo again after more than one century. Several other narrowly distributed endemic species were also identified, including Rhyacophila macedonica Karaouzas, Valladolid & Ibrahimi, 2022 and Tinodes janssensi Jacquemart, 1957. This study contributes to the knowledge of the caddisfly fauna of the Blinajë Hunting Reserve in Kosovo and highlights this area for its interesting composition of caddisfly species.

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Caddisfly sampling conducted during August 2021 from the Gurgur River in the Sabalan Mountains, Ardabil province, Iran, revealed the first record of Glossosoma unguiculatum Martynov, 1925 for Iran. Previously, this species had only been known from few localities in Turkey, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. The morphology of male genitalia in the collected specimens generally corresponds to the described species, with the exception of a less incised ventral margin of the abdominal segment IX in ventral view, which may be attributed to geographical variability. This discovery marks the second species of the genus Glossosoma Curtis, 1834 found in Iran.

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The specimens were collected from northern Iran using the sweeping net and Malaise traps during 2010-2019. A total of 25 species were identified, of which four species are recorded for the first time from Iran: Choerades femorata (Meigen, 1804), Dysmachus dentiger Richter, 1962, Heteropogon ornatipes Loew, 1851, and Neomochtherus schineri (Egger, 1855). Also, some species are new provincial records for the northern provinces of Iran. Local and global geographical distributions of all 25 species, diagnostic characters of the newly recorded species, and their photos are provided.