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As an effective instrument in functional linguistics for examining the factors affecting the inference of meanings, situational context probes the relationship of words and sentences to instances outside the language system. The study of this context leads to an understanding of the meanings of literary techniques, including epithets. epithets are the artistic use of adjectives in the speech that has different meanings in the context of literary speech. With a descriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature, the study seeks to analyze the semantics of epithets in the poetry of Hafez Mousavi (1954), the contemporary Iranian poet, and Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah (1948), according to Halliday’s Functional Linguistics. The results showed that the meanings of the epithets in two poets’ poetry could be divided into two categories-- dark and light. The frequency of dark epithets was higher than light ones due to the depiction of social issues. However, there is often a glimmer of hope throughout their poetry. Narrativity and appropriate verbs are the most prominent features of the stylistic epithets in the two poets’ poetry. The poets’ choices as the prominent participants in the clauses caused their direct presence in the poetry space. The Notification mood is frequent in the clauses, inducing the concept of probability and commonality in the form of the dependency aspect element because the two poets choose epithets as an arena to express their biographies and societies.

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The postmodern novels "Divorced Diaries" by Haifa Bitar and "Vanhadeh" by Simon de Beauvoir are the first-person narrators of the daily lives of two divorced women as the protagonists of the mentioned novels. The importance of this research is because the neurotic character of both novels makes it possible to look at the hero of the two novels with a psychotic perspective and to investigate Jeffrey Young's initial inconsistent schemas in their characters with a comparative method. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method. This research aims to have a concrete view of the society of Syria and France and reveal the effective factors in the formation of these schemas in the hero of two novels and scrutinize them with the example of the witness. The research results indicate that the heroines of these two novels are both abandoned by their husbands and suffer from the same primary incompatible schemas. Both protagonists of the novel suffer from various primary maladaptive schemas of dependence/incompetence, defect/shame, and abandonment/instability (abandonment), which, in the order of their origin, depend on/incompetence in them. Relying on the father in doing all the daily tasks, even doing the homework, especially at the teenage age, which is the stage of reaching independence and self-sufficiency. In addition, there is a schema of defect/shame arising from their being rejected by their spouses and their divorce by them, as well as a schema of rejection/instability caused by their shaky relationships.

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Semiotics is a current approach to study the mechanism of meaning formation and production.The nature of the tensive process that exists at the heart of any discourse is that it transforms meaning into an indefinite and complete entity, Since the discourse governing the two poems "The Lament of Hallaj" by Adunis and "The Death of Nasiri" by Ahmad Shamloo is based on extent and pressure relationship,and these two poems have various becomings and actions and are value-oriented, this article tries to use analytical-descriptive method to study the tensive-emotional system in these two poems through a comparative method. It makes the mechanisms of formation, production, continuity of emotional meaning and its interaction with other meanings clear and tries to explain the partnership of signs-meanings in the production of meaning. Findings of the study indicate that the elements involved in the mechanisms of production of emotional discourse, finally act to establish the desired meaning of the two debators, and debators use tools such as "discourse position", "conjunction and disconnection of discourse", "effect of verbs", "far-sightedness" and "rhythm and melody" in this direction. And also among tensional schema forms, the forms of emotional pressure peak and decrease of cognitive rang is applicable to the first section of Adunis's poetry, and the simultaneous decrease of pressures and extensions is applicable to the second section. As throughout Shamloo's poem, the tensional schema of simultaneous drop in pressures and expanses can be shown.

1. Introduction
  In the sign-semantics approach, each sign interacts with another sign and moves in the direction of meaning production. Semantic-semiotics has become a phenomenological and intelligent tool during the transition from pure constructivist semiotics. In Saussure's semiotics, the sign is examined outside the context of the discourse, but in sign-semantics, the elements of the semantic sign are not frozen and inflexible elements, but become flexible due to following the conditions.
Since the discourse governing the two poems "Elegy of Al-Hallaj" by Adonis and the poem "Death of Naseri" by Ahmad Shamloo is based on extensive and pressing communication and two important cognitive and emotional aspects in the flow of literary discourse have caused the production of meaning, this possibility There is a possibility that these poems should be analyzed according to the pattern of tension semiotics in order to identify the value goal of the discourse in them. The tense atmosphere in the discourse is the place where emotions arise. Therefore, it is necessary to examine approaches such as "discursive position", "discursive connection and disconnection", "effect of verbs" and "perspective creation" in order to reach the depth of the poem's emotion. Since the discourse of these two poems is based on the sensory-perceptual and aesthetic function, and in a discourse process, it enjoys the characteristics of tension and tension, the purpose of this research is to open multiple angles of meaning by relying on emotional and tension discourse systems. To acquaint the audience with the source of the formation of these discourse systems and examine how the message is induced in the poetry of these two poets.
In the upcoming research, an attempt is made to examine and analyze the flexible and fluid structure of both poems in question, in the interactive space formed in the speech space, by a descriptive-analytical method . The authors have tried to answer the following questions:
- Which semiotic feature and which tensive-thymique scheme do both poems reflect?
- What effect has the tensive scheme in these two poems had on the emotion of the poem?
- In the discussed poems, what is the function of the tensive-thymique scheme in producing meaning and creating value?

2. Methodology
In the upcoming research, an attempt is made to examine and analyze the flexible and fluid structure of  the two poems in question, in the interactive space formed in the speech space, by a descriptive-analytical method through library study.

3. Results
The elements involved in the mechanisms of the production of emotional discourse, in the end  has worked to stabilize the intended meaning of the two speakers.To this end,the poets have taken the advantage of "discourse position", "discourse connection and disconnection", "effect of verbs", " perspectives" and "rhythm. The discursive conjunction and disconnection in these poems have made the character of Hallaj and Naseri universal by giving them a historical dimension. In addition, discursive separation has created new places and times in discourse and has made the scope of poetry wider and wider. What arouses the emotion of the audience is the intensity of the two verbs "not wanting and not being able" in Hallaj and Masih and saying no to life and the reverse intensity of these two verbs in the passive people of the time who have taken a path other than the path of these two enlightening reformers.
Among the types of tensive schemas, the type of increasing emotional pressure and decreasing cognitive range can be applied to the first stanza of Adunis's poem and the simultaneous decrease of pressures and ranges to its second stanza. As throughout Shamloo's poem, it is possible to show the tensive pattern of the simultaneous reduction of pressures and ranges. In the tensive zone, where the emotional aspect of the poem, like the cognitive aspect, has lost its efficiency and power, and the scopes and pressures have decreased simultaneously, since such a process is considered a purposeful discourse strategy in abstract arts. This, in turn, has caused the longing and sadness, stillness and stagnation caused by the absence of these two instigators, who are the generalized heroes of the two narrators, to reflect well and affect the narrator in the best and strongest way.
 

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This article has been written in a descriptive and analytical methods based on library studies. In this research, with the discovery and classification of the materials in the Religious and Mythical Figures in the Reststance Poetry of Seyyed Abutaleb Mozaffari, its relation with the poet's idea of resistance was examined. The results of the research indicate that the poet has recreated religious and Mythical figures, and linked yesterday's patterns with today's realities of war, and in this regard, in order to enrich the literature with poetry and its linguistic implications, and to connect the idea of resistance with the suffocating atmosphere of Afghan society, it is trying to application of these characters to serve the literary subject and its identity.
 
 

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Religious scientists opinion about the numbers meaning in Quran is different. Some of them including Shahab-o-ddin Ebne Edris reject that the numbers shall go out of their main original meaning and shall be applied in their virtual meaning and some others agree that some numbers like seven, seventy, and thousands are indicative of figurative meanings and say about them: the meaning of these numbers is to exaggerate and express the plurality and not quantity determination.
In this research, we tried to support the second theory and say about figurative and allusive meaning of some cardinal numbers which are applied in Quran in the meaning of exaggeration and expression of plurality. Hence, we searched its various evidences and then we found that some verses which the numbers seven, ten, seventy, seven hundred, thousand and fifty thousand are applied in, the intention of them is not the real meaning of those numbers, but the intention is to express the plurality and exaggeration, because if the intention (of these numbers) is their real meaning, some contradiction will be seen in some of them. In this study, we dealt with studying these numbers in Quran verses relying on descriptive-analytical method.

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Conceptual metaphor is a modern method of expressing thoughts, and hidden and inner mental concepts whose appearance in literature is not possible except with a considerable effort. This method was first developed by two European authors named Laykov and Johnson. Conceptual metaphor emerges among people's common speech mechanism. War, being driven and displacement are among complex and hidden concepts which can only be observed through epic poetry in literature. The modern epic phenomenon in the current era is noticed among Palestinian Resistance poets especially Mahmud Darwish. Although the words resonate with past Arab poets such as Antarah, Tarafa and others allowed them to portray battlefields and their events, Mahmud Darwish placed concept of war and fighting in the form of durable sonnets which we won't face with any difficulties in comprehending them and creating rhetoric frameworks. Mahmud Darwish, known as the Poet of Resistance and one of the romantic symbolist ones, has widely utilized conceptual metaphor besides rhetoric techniques and symbols in his poems. In this study, we tried to analyze conceptual metaphors reflecting poet's inner thoughts and expressing events such as war, plundering and displacement in his country by using analytical-descriptive method. We found that concepts like movement, life and humanity are the most mental concepts in the poet's works and can be consider as the criteria for evaluating conceptual metaphor. We concluded that the poet has made use of conceptual metaphors to depict the Palestinian Resistance and this method is a simple way to express the amount of his grief and painful memories.

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Lately, we have come across a new model of writing emerged from the feminine criticism. This writing, despite being called differently, became known as feminine writing and is based on different forms and content and seeks to add a feminine identity to literature in order to remove female writers from their isolation and seeks to identify their strengths and innovations to pave the way for reaching phenomenal experiences. In this paper, by studying three poetic collections of Nariman Allush, we have tried reach a conclusion on the poet’s writing style in this research.  Using descriptive-analytical method, we seek to highlight the nature of women's writing and reveal the techniques of Nariman Alloush's poetic structure. In this important matter, we have gone beyond men's writing and entered the realm of women's literature, which seeks to legitimize their writing. In the course of our study, we focused on the poet's four-dimensional aspects i.e. her partiality, simplicity, and poetic decoration, and vision that don't exist in the real world and reached to the conclusion that: Nariman Allush's poetry has got a modern taste in structure and similarly she considers partiality and simplicity as the two fundamental aspects in her writing. In the meantime, by using the decor technique, she has revealed the reality of women's lives, especially their position in Eastern societies, as well as examples of misogyny for the audience.

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Cultural criticism, unlike literary criticism, does not seek the beauties of the text and its functions, and does not even pay attention to coherence and imagination, but seeks to discover hidden thoughts and everything inherited from cultures that lies beyond the beauties of words, and seeks meanings. Which does not appear next to the text, but is hidden to show the influence of continuous cultures on the authorchr('39')s psyche. Womenchr('39')s rights and status are linked to modern culture and the ideas of modernism, and contemporary literature has always been committed to the realization of womenchr('39')s rights and held itself accountable for the well-being and security of women. The purpose of writing this article is to research and re-read the novel "Curse of Kane" and to find cultural practices and implications and to discover the face of a gypsy woman in this novel and the apparent and hidden text and everything that the author hid inside and adorned the text with words. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method to try to discover the procedures in the novel.
The covert practice with regard to the gypsy woman is that it first places the novel in Al-Kamaliyah, which is the center of the gypsy gathering, then we discover the gypsy woman the worker, then the gypsy woman the prey of the eastern men, and the illiterate and ignorant gypsy woman respectively , Then we will describe the weakness and inability of gypsy women and their insecurity.

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Implicit model is a fundamental concept, on which, cultural criticism is based as it deals with the function of a model in texts and discourses and examines the textual subconscious, and dismantles the academic rhetorical language that is far from social problems and facts of the social life. This model may be present in songs, costumes, fables, and proverbs, as it is in poems, stories, novels, and other forms of art. Beneath all these elements is a cultural system perceived by the listener, viewer, or reader because of its hidden adaptation to an older model fixed in the mind. Regarding the cultural approach examining hidden Implicit Masculinity Model, the present study seeks to examine and analyze it in the novel Tishrin by Iraqi novelist Wafaa Abd al-Razzaq. In the sub-topics, the representations of masculinity in the novel such as: love, the desire for control, elimination, covering masculinity with religion, and the fear of shame, were examined. The study reached a set of results, the most important ones: Wafaa Abd al-Razzaq is consciously at times, and sometimes unconsciously creates a conflict between the authority of male discourse and rebellion against this discourse behind an aesthetic and literary model. That’s in order to  fill her novel with the pattern of implicit virility, so her novel no longer concerned only the central, but the margin became the focus of attention as well.

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Speech acts are considered as one of the most important foundations of pragmatic analysis by creating an impact on the recipient based on understanding the addressee’s intent, and benefiting the addressee is one of the important goals that cannot be neglected. The speaker chooses vocabulary and arranges it according to the intention he follows in speaking. Austin was able to lay down the main principles of the theory of speech acts, but the theory did not stop there. It expanded and became more mature with the second pioneer in the philosophy of ordinary language, namely the American philosopher John Searle. His tasks were to develop the theory by distinguishing within the sentence between what is related to the action included in the statement itself, which he calls the power included in the statement, and what is related to the content of the action, which he calls the name of propositional content. In this study, we will rely on Searle's opinions and search for the five speech acts affected by context and internal and external factors, used in poetry collections, A Vasham All khzrah, Ghasaed fi zaman Alfath, and Taghribat Bani Palestine by the poet Walid Saif. This study aims to search for speech acts and employ them in Walid Saif’s poetry based on the descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicate that the poet used verbal acts to express positive and negative emotions such as war, love, sadness, nostalgia, coercion, disappointment, waiting, and his hope for the future. Through these speech acts, which were mentioned directly and indirectly, we saw that the poet tends to use the five speech acts to stir feelings and excite the recipient to accomplish an action. The performance verb, both direct and indirect, was evident in poetic discourse, revealing its power within specific linguistic contexts that facilitated the realization of the poet’s verbal intentions and purposes through the words he chose to serve his poetic text.