---

Aim: School bullying is a worldwide problem and crosses national boundaries. Students involved in bullying have a greater chance of developing emotional and behavioral disorders, as well as a higher risk of engaging in criminal behavior later in their lives. This study aims to examine the prevalence of bullying behavior and some of its associated factors among male middle school students in Tehran, Iran.
Methods: Overall, 1803 middle school students, aged 11 to 15, were enrolled in the study between January and March, 2012. Bullying behavior of and on participants was evaluated using Persian version of the revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ). Findings: More than 55% of students reported being involved in bullying behaviors in school, either as a victim (51%), a bully (31%) or both a bully and a victim (18%).  The most common subtypes of bullying were verbal (61.3%), physical (47.6%), and indirect (50.3%) bullying. In a regression analysis, the number of students' close friends, their age, their father's education level and home atmosphere were the only significant predictors of bullying behavior.
Conclusion: The prevalence of bullying among Iranian middle school students is highly concerning; hence, implementation of a comprehensive, school-based anti-bullying program is an urgent need because students, who are involved in bullying behavior, are at higher risk for developing psychosocial disorders and engaging in criminal behavior later in their lives.

---

speaker`s attitude toward her/his statement. Aikhenvald (2004) presented a model for evidential in about 500 languages around the world. She introduce 2 types of evidentiality.  Grammatical evidentiality including obligatory affixes and clitics and ungrammatical evidentiality including optional syntactic and lexical strategies. Aikhenvald refers to direct and indirect evidentials from a semantic view point. This study show that there aren`t any grammatical evidentials in Persian and like the other Indo- European languages , Persian has linguistic items which fulfill evidential function in addition to their first roles in language. Some of evidential structures  in Persian include impersonal passive forms, modal expressions , tense- aspect features, reports and quotations and sensory and perception verbs.

---

Islamic architecture has long been recognized as one of the most important part of architecture in the history of world architecture, and despite the statement expressed by many scholars and historians in this field; the question that is always concerned is that, what is Islamic architecture? What are the different interpretations raised regarding this architecture? What was the status of the Orientalists' view on Islamic architecture, and what was the difference in their interpretations? The history of art and Islamic architecture in the world dates back to about half a century, and the origin of "Islamic architecture" can be attributed to the beginning of the Orientalism movement in the West. Orientalists and Western theorists in defining Islamic architecture have expressed many different interpretations. The study of different perspectives in this field shows that not all interpreters and theorists are in the same position and have a different perception associated to the works of Islamic architecture. Considering the two historical (historiographer) and the legal (epistemological) views of this architecture shows the difference in their approach on this issue. In each of these approaches, the order of form and meaning are examined. The historical approach, in terms of form and framework, interprets the Islamic works and what was important for them to be considered has been the change in the form of architecture. However, legal approach, considers art and Islamic architecture as one of the manifestations of Islamic thought that has richness within itself, so that this architecture, as a language that tells the truth, has emerged from the level of meaning to the level of emergence. Using interpretive-historical methods as well as library and documentary information, this article seeks to review the Islamic architecture from the perspective of historians and Orientalists and provide a clear interpretation of Islamic architecture for today’s audience.