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The effect of aluminium content on the precipitation of  in rapidly quenched Ni-Al binary alloys was investigated. Microstructural analyses of annealed and quenched samples indicate a transition from uniform to bimodal  phase distribution in the composition range between 15.3 and 17.5 at.%Al. This transition is accompanied by changes in the morphology of  precipitates. The microstructural observations are discussed in view of both kinetic and crystallographic considerations.

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Todays, numerous researchers have focused on proposing severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods due to the superior mechanical and physical properties of achieved ultra-fine grain material. In all SPD methods a large strain is implied without any substantial dimensional change of work piece to generate UFG and even nanograin (NG) materials. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is one of the most successful techniques for industrial applications. Using long and thin rod is limited in ECAP process. In the present study, a combined process composed of ECAP and Extrusion processes is used on Titanium of grade 2. Titanium is extensively used in aviation and other industries because of high strength to weight value. Using combined process leads to produce high length and thin nanostructured rod. The main goal of this process is evaluation of the temperature in Extrusion process on nanostructures Titanium rods. At first, Titanium rods were processed to 4 passes by ECAP process at 400°C Then they were processed by Extrusion process in 5 different temperatures included 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500°C. The result showed that the best mechanical properties were achieved for the specimen was extruded at 300°C. Strength and hardness were severely improved. Also, the microstructure was really homogenous and refine. The mechanical properties of titanium grade 2 after combined process were equivalent to titanium grade 5 which is used in medical applications and it is expensive.

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In this paper, employing a thermomechanical constitutive model for shape memory polymers (SMP), a beam element made of SMPs is presented based on the kinematic assumptions of Timoshenko beam theory. Considering the low stiffness of SMPs, the necessity for developing a Timoshenko beam element becomes more prominent. This is due to the fact that relatively thicker beams are required in the design procedure of smart structures. Furthermore, in the design and optimization process of these structures which involves a large number of simulations, we cannot rely only on the time consuming 3D finite element (FE) analyses. In order to properly validate the developed formulations, the numeric results of the present work are compared with those of 3D finite element results of the same authors, previously available in the literature. The parametric study on the material parameters e.g., hard segment volume fraction, viscosity coefficient of different phases, and the external force applied on the structure (during the recovery stage) are conducted on the thermomechanical response of a short I-shape SMP beam. For instance, the maximum beam deflection error in one of the studied examples for the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is 7.3%, while for the Timoshenko beam theory, is 1.5% with respect to the 3D FE solution. It is noted that for thicker or shorter beams, the error of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory even more increases. The proposed beam element in this work, could be a fast and reliable tool for modeling 3D computationally expensive simulations.

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Progress in plant breeding requires a broad genetic basis. Knowledge of genetic diversity in cultivated species and their wild relatives is of critical importance for breeding purposes. The red clover, T. pratense,grows wildly in Iran in a vast range of habitats, mainly along the Zagros and Alborz Mountains. Despite being economically important in many other countries, information regarding the genetic diversity of this species in Iran is significantly lacking. In this study, the genetic diversity of 56 genotypes of red clover collected from Iran and one genotype of T. diffusum, used as outgroup, was evaluated using nine SRAP markers. The nine SRAP primer combinations created a total of 294 bands from DNA of 57 genotypes, from which 291 (98.9%) were polymorphic. All the measured parameters showed significantly high genetic diversity in the Iranian genepool of T. pratense with no clear geographic partitioning of genotypes. However, genotypes collected from around Tehran, Isfahan, and Kermanshah-Hamedan were loosely clustered with their co-regional genotypes. Based on the results of the STRUCTURE analysis, genotypes were genetically divided into two clusters, but these were not correlated with the eco-geographical groups. There was no correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance of genotypes. The result of this study showed value in sampling the Iranian genepool of the red clover, with the Western and the Northwestern genepools in more depth, for conservation and breeding purposes.

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In this research, processing and 3D printing of PETG-ABS- Fe 3 O 4  nanocomposites reinforced with iron oxide nanoparticles in three different weight percentages of iron oxide nanoparticles with PETG70-ABS30 polymer matrix was done. This research was carried out with the aim of strengthening the shape memory properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties and adding the ability to indirectly stimulate the background matrix through the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles. SEM images confirmed that the mixture of PETG-ABS is immiscible and adding nanoparticles does not change the compatibility and miscibility of the base polymer, and this result is consistent with the DMTA analysis was also checked and confirmed. With increasing amount of iron oxide, the tensile strength and elongation decrease, and this decrease in mechanical properties is more pronounced in the sample of 20% by weight of iron oxide compared to the sample of 10% by weight. Nevertheless, the final strength of the samples is around 25 to 32 MPa, which indicates a suitable and acceptable distribution of nanoparticles up to 15% by weight in the polymer field. By increasing the amount of iron oxide nanoparticles, the amount of shape recovery increases and the nanocomposites containing 10, 15 and 20% by weight show shape recovery of 63.77%, 88.48 and 93.33%, respectively.

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Smart materials can react to environmental changes like living organisms and adapt themselves to environmental conditions and changes such as changes in temperature, electric current, magnetic field, light, humidity, etc. Using 3D printing to process smart materials is a new approach known as 4D printing. In this research, processing, manufacturing and 3D printing of PETG-ABS in three weight percentages of 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70 were done. The results of SEM also confirmed the compatibility of these two polymers. In all PETG-ABS mixtures, a combination of sea-island and drop-matrix morphology was observed, and for the 30/70 and 30/70 blends, phase droplets dispersed in the matrix were clearly observed. The results of mechanical properties also showed that as the percentage of ABS in the mixture increases, the tensile strength increases and the elongation decreases. The results obtained from the shape memory test indicate the existence of the ability to program the shape memory property in 4D printing mixtures. As expected, the increase in the weight percentage of ABS was associated with the disorder in the recovery of the mixtures, so the mixture with 70% by weight of PETG and 30% by weight of ABS showed the most favorable shape memory properties.

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According to experts, reforms in Saudi Arabia since 1991 have been significant and ongoing due to their specific course and direction, as well as the presence of supporting forces that make it necessary to refer it as a “trend”. The Future Reforms in the kingdom under Vision 2030 will also be directly affected by such forces. As such, the main questions in this article are: What are the important and influential propellants of Saudi Vision 2030? What is the ranking of these propellants and their relationship with reforms? To respond to these questions, 16 drivers were extracted and their importance and uncertainty were determined in the Delphi stage. Subsequently, with the help of Wilson Matrix, key and important drivers of the scenario were identified and by interviewing 17 experts, the relevance of each of these drivers for the future of reform in the country was determined. The findings show that the drivers such as "western demands and pressures ", "efforts to legitimize governance”, “Saudi regional competitions" and "conflict of political elites" are important for future Saudi reforms. The research method applied in this study is descriptive-explanatory and analytical and data gathering is based on library and combined interviews with experts.
 

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From the second half of the 19th century and in the early years of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's reign, Mirza Malkam Khan introduced a new term into Iranian legal literature: "Law." But what Malkam Khan called "Law", is merely a verbal coincidence with the law as a source of modern jurisprudence and has fundamental differences. Therefore, elucidating the concept of law in his thought becomes even more crucial for distinguishing it from its contemporary meaning. The present study aims to examine the law constructed by Malkam Khan, on one hand, in light of the valid legal sources during the Qajar period, namely the royal decrees and sharia rules, and on the other hand, in comparison with the concept of law in modern French law. This study aims to show what transformation Malkam Khan sought to create in the existing legal sources by demanding a law, and what deficiencies in these sources led him to pursue a new source. The research, using an analytical-explanatory approach and a historical method, will demonstrate that Malkam Khan sought a law enacted by the government that would produce general legal rules. In his view, law is situated within the foundations of traditional law, and the use of the term law does not equal to "Rule of Law." His law is traditional in substance, and modern in form.